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Radiation Cleanup Standards


Water
(EPA Standards)
CURRENT STANDARDSPROPOSED STANDARDS
NuclideMCL1 NuclideMCLG2MCL
Combined radium-226
and radium-228
5 picocuries/lRadium-226
Radium-228
zero
zero
20 picocuries/liter
20 picocuries/liter
Gross alpha activity
(including radium-226 but excluding radon and uranium)
15 picocuries/lRadon-222zero300 picocuries/liter
Uraniumzero30 picocuries/liter
Beta and photon emitters4 millirem
TEDE/yr3
Beta and photon emitters
(excluding radium-228)
zero4 millirem
TEDE/year3
Adjusted gross emitters (excluding radium-226, uranium, and radon-222)zero15 picocuries/liter

1 MCL is the Maximun Contaminant Level. This is the permissible level of a contaminant in public water.
2 MCLG is a Maximum Contaminant Level Goal. The level of a contaminant in public drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons would occur, and allowing an adequate margin of safety. MCLGs are not enforceable.
3 TEDE is the Total-body Effective Dose Equivalent (also written EDE). A TEDE is a weighting factor for regulatory purposes that converts the dose received by an organ to a whole body dose.
Sources: For current concentrations, 41 FR (Federal Register) 28404, July 9, 1976. For proposed concentrations, 56 FR 33050, July 18, 1991.


SOIL
(Current EPA and NRC Standards and Guidelines)
NUCLIDECONCENTRATION
(picocuries/gram)
DESCRIPTION
Option 1*Option 2
Natural Thorium (Th-232 and Th-228) with daughters present and in equilibrium 10a50bNRC Guidelines
Natural Uranium (U-238 and U-234) with daughters present and in equilibrium 10c-NRC Guidelines
Depleted Uranium
o Soluble35a 100bNRC Guidelines
o Insoluble35300b NRC Guidelines
Enriched Uranium
o Soluble30a 100bNRC Guidelines
o Insoluble30 250bNRC Guidelines
Transuranic elements11 picocuries/gram EPA Guidelines
Radium-226 in soils of inactive uranium mill areas There are two required limits
1) 5 picocuries/gram in the first 15 cm of soil below the surface (in addition to background levels)
2) 15 picocuries/gram average in each layer of soil that is deeper than 15 cm thick 15 cm below the surface (in addition to background levels)
EPA Standards

*(NRC Action Plan has two options)
a The concentrations of Natural Thorium, depleted and enriched uranium are based on limiting individual doses to 1 millirad per year to the lung and 3 millirad per year to the bones. These guidelines are used as guidelines by EPA for protection against transuranic elements in the environment.
b Natural thorium decays into radium. For this reason, the maximum concentrations for this nuclide is based on the EPA standards for radium in mill areas, given at the bottom of the table.
c These concentrations are based on limiting individual doses to 170 millirem per year if the buried material is disturbed.
Sources: 46 FR 52061, October 23, 1981; 42 FR 60956, November 30, 1977; 40 CFR 192.


SURFACE
(Equipment and Building Surfaces, NRC Guidelines)
NUCLIDEa CONCENTRATION
(in disintegrations per minuteb / 100 square centimeters)c
AVERAGEd MAXIMUMeREMOVABLE
Natural uranium, Uranium-235, Uranium-238, and associated decay products 5,000
alpha
15,000
alpha
1,000
alpha
Transuranics, Radium-226, Radium-228, Thorium-230, Thorium-228, Protactinium-231, Ac-227, Iodine-125, Iodine-129 10030020
Natural Thorium, Thorium-232, Strontium-90, Radium-223
Radium-224, Uranium-232 Iodine-126, Iodine-131 Iodine-133
1,0003000200
Beta-gamma emitters (nuclides with decay modes other than alpha emission or spontaneous fission) except Strontium-90 and others noted above.5,00015,000 1000
a Where surface contamination by both alpha and beta-gamma emitting nuclides exists, the limits established for alpha and gamma emitting nuclides should apply independently.
b As used in this table, dpm (disintregration per minute) means the rate of emission by radioactive material as determined by correcting the counts per minute observed by an appropriate detector for background, efficiency, and geometric factors associated with the instrumentation.
c One picocurie is about 2 disintegrations per minute (dpm). 100 square centimeters is about 0.1 square foot.
d Measurements of average contaminants should not be averaged over more than 1 m2.
e The maximum contamination levels applies to an area of no more than 100 cm2.
Source: U.S. NRC. Guidelines for Decontamination of Facilities and Equipment Prior to Release for Unrestricted Use of Termination of Licenses for Byproduct, Source, or Special Nuclear Material. Policy and Guidance Directive FC 83-23, Division of Industrial and Medical Nuclear Safety: Washington, DC, August 1987.


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Published Winter 1994
Web-posted December 2001