Water (EPA Standards) |
| CURRENT STANDARDS | PROPOSED STANDARDS | | Nuclide | MCL1 |
Nuclide | MCLG2 | MCL |
Combined radium-226 and radium-228 | 5 picocuries/l | Radium-226 Radium-228 | zero zero | 20 picocuries/liter 20 picocuries/liter | | |
Gross alpha activity (including radium-226 but excluding radon and uranium) | 15 picocuries/l | Radon-222 | zero | 300 picocuries/liter |
| Uranium | zero | 30 picocuries/liter |
| Beta and photon emitters | 4 millirem TEDE/yr3 | Beta and photon emitters (excluding radium-228) | zero | 4 millirem TEDE/year3 |
| | Adjusted gross emitters (excluding
radium-226, uranium, and radon-222) | zero | 15 picocuries/liter |
1 MCL is the Maximun Contaminant Level. This is the permissible level of a contaminant in public water.
2 MCLG is a Maximum Contaminant Level Goal. The level of a contaminant in public drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons would occur, and allowing an adequate margin of safety. MCLGs are not enforceable.
3 TEDE is the Total-body Effective Dose Equivalent (also written EDE). A TEDE is a weighting factor for regulatory purposes that converts the dose received by an organ to a whole body dose.
Sources: For current concentrations, 41 FR (Federal Register) 28404, July 9, 1976. For proposed concentrations, 56 FR 33050, July 18, 1991.
SOIL (Current EPA and NRC Standards and Guidelines) |
| NUCLIDE | CONCENTRATION (picocuries/gram) |
DESCRIPTION |
| Option 1* | Option 2 | |
|
Natural Thorium (Th-232 and Th-228) with daughters present and in equilibrium |
10a | 50b | NRC Guidelines |
| Natural Uranium (U-238 and U-234)
with daughters present and in equilibrium |
10c | - | NRC Guidelines |
| Depleted Uranium | | | |
| o Soluble | 35a | 100b | NRC Guidelines |
| o Insoluble | 35 | 300b
| NRC Guidelines |
| Enriched Uranium | | | |
| o Soluble | 30a | 100b | NRC Guidelines |
| o Insoluble | 30 | 250b | NRC Guidelines |
| Transuranic elements | 11 picocuries/gram | EPA Guidelines |
| Radium-226 in soils of inactive uranium mill areas |
There are two required limits
1) 5 picocuries/gram in the first
15 cm of soil below the surface
(in addition to background levels)
2) 15 picocuries/gram average in each
layer of soil that is deeper than
15 cm thick 15 cm below the surface
(in addition to background levels) |
EPA Standards |
*(NRC Action Plan has two options)
a The concentrations of Natural Thorium, depleted and enriched uranium are based on limiting individual doses to 1 millirad per year to the lung and 3 millirad per year to the bones. These guidelines are used as guidelines by EPA for protection against transuranic elements in the environment.
b Natural thorium decays into radium. For this reason, the maximum concentrations for this nuclide is based on the EPA standards for radium in mill areas, given at the bottom of the table.
c These concentrations are based on limiting individual doses to 170 millirem per year if the buried material is disturbed.
Sources: 46 FR 52061, October 23, 1981; 42 FR 60956, November 30, 1977; 40 CFR 192.
SURFACE (Equipment and Building Surfaces, NRC Guidelines) |
| NUCLIDEa | CONCENTRATION (in disintegrations per minuteb / 100 square centimeters)c |
| AVERAGEd | MAXIMUMe | REMOVABLE |
| Natural uranium, Uranium-235, Uranium-238, and associated decay products | 5,000 alpha | 15,000 alpha | 1,000 alpha |
| Transuranics, Radium-226, Radium-228, Thorium-230, Thorium-228, Protactinium-231, Ac-227, Iodine-125, Iodine-129 |
100 | 300 | 20 |
Natural Thorium, Thorium-232,
Strontium-90, Radium-223 Radium-224, Uranium-232
Iodine-126, Iodine-131
Iodine-133 | 1,000 | 3000 | 200 |
| Beta-gamma emitters
(nuclides with decay modes other
than alpha emission or spontaneous
fission) except Strontium-90
and others noted above. | 5,000 | 15,000 | 1000 |
| | | | |
a Where surface contamination by both alpha and beta-gamma emitting nuclides exists, the limits established for alpha and gamma emitting nuclides should apply independently.
b As used in this table, dpm (disintregration per minute) means the rate of emission by radioactive material as determined by correcting the counts per minute observed by an appropriate detector for background, efficiency, and geometric factors associated with the instrumentation.
c One picocurie is about 2 disintegrations per minute (dpm). 100 square centimeters is about 0.1 square foot.
d Measurements of average contaminants should not be averaged over more than 1 m2.
e The maximum contamination levels applies to an area of no more than 100 cm2.
Source: U.S. NRC. Guidelines for Decontamination of Facilities and Equipment Prior to Release for Unrestricted Use of Termination of Licenses for Byproduct, Source, or Special Nuclear Material. Policy and Guidance Directive FC 83-23, Division of Industrial and Medical Nuclear Safety: Washington, DC, August 1987.
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