IEER

Precision Bombing, Widespread Harm

Two Case Studies of the Bombings of Industrial Facilities at Pancevo and Kragujevac
During Operation Allied Force, Yugoslavia 1999

By: Sriram Gopal and Nicole Deller
Institute for Energy and Environmental Research

November 2002


Press Release | PDF version of entire report [566 kB; 103pages]
Press Release - Serbian | Executive Summary - Serbian

Table of Contents:

CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

PREFACE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

MAIN FINDINGS

RECOMMENDATIONS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

A. POST COLD WAR YUGOSLAVIA AND OPERATION ALLIED FORCE

B. PANCEVO INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

Setting

Hydrogeology of the area

Pre-conflict levels of pollution

C. KRAGUJEVAC INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

Setting

Hydrogeology of the area

Pre-conflict levels of pollution

CHAPTER 2: BOMBINGS AND CHEMICAL RELEASE AT PANCEVO

A. DESCRIPTION OF RELEASES AT INDIVIDUAL FACILITIES

HIP Petrohemija1

NIS Oil Refinery

HIP Azotara

B. WATER AND SOIL POLLUTION

HIP Petrohemija

NIS Oil Refinery

HIP Azotara

C. AIR POLLUTION

HIP Petrohemija

NIS Oil Refinery

HIP Azotara

CHAPTER 3: BOMBINGS AND CHEMICAL RELEASE AT KRAGUJEVAC

A. POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCB) RELEASE

B. CONTAMINATED AREAS

Paint Hall Floor and Power Station

Wastewater Pit

Waste Storage Area

Waterways

CHAPTER 4: PUBLIC HEALTH AND CLEANUP ISSUES

A. HIP PETROHEMIJA

1,2-dichloroethane spill

Mercury Spill

Vinyl Chloride Fire

B. NIS OIL REFINERY

Oil Spills

Oil Fires

Other Cleanup Issues

C. KRAGUJEVAC

PCBs

CHAPTER 5: LEGAL ISSUES

A. INTERNATIONAL LAW

The Authority for NATO's use of force

The Laws of War

Analysis of Treaty Terms

The Application of Protocol I to the United States

B. TARGETING CRITERIA

CHAPTER 6: MAIN FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

MAIN FINDINGS

RECOMMENDATIONS

APPENDIX

REFERENCES

List of Tables

Table 1: Oil products released as a result of the bombing of the NIS Oil Refinery

Table 2: Summary of pollutants released as a result of the 1999 bombings in Pancevo

Table 3: Groundwater pollution at HIP Petrohemija

Table 4: Groundwater pollution at the NIS Oil Refinery

Table 5: Soil pollution at the NIS Oil Refinery

Table 6: Emission factors and estimated chemical release from the Pancevo oil fires

Table 7: Estimated ground-level concentrations of selected pollutants from the NIS Oil Refinery fires

List of Figures

Figure 1: A Map of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Figure 2: Satellite image of the Pancevo Industrial Complex

Figure 3: Locations of groundwater sampling wells at HIP Petrohemija

Figure 4: 1,2-dichloroethane distribution and concentrations in the Pancevo wastewater canal, February 2000

Figure 5: Contaminated soil at the NIS Oil Refinery


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Posted November 5, 2002